Cpp Tutorial

1. What is C++?

C++ is a powerful general-purpose programming language that supports procedural, object-oriented, and generic programming. It is widely used for game development, system programming, and competitive programming.

2. Setting Up Your Environment

1. Download and install a C++ compiler, such as GCC or Clang, from gcc.gnu.org.
2. Install an IDE like Visual Studio Code, Code::Blocks, or CLion for easier development.
3. Verify installation by running g++ --version in your terminal or command prompt.

3. Your First C++ Program

Let’s write our first C++ program:

#include <iostream>

int main() {
    std::cout << "Hello, World!" << std::endl;
    return 0;
}

Save this code as hello.cpp and compile it using g++ hello.cpp -o hello. Run the program by executing ./hello.

4. Variables and Data Types

C++ supports various data types and variables that need to be declared before use.

// Example:
int age = 25;
double pi = 3.14159;
char grade = 'A';
bool isStudent = true;

5. Conditional Statements

C++ uses if, else if, and else for decision-making.

// Example:
int num = 10;
if (num > 0) {
    std::cout << "Positive number" << std::endl;
} else if (num == 0) {
    std::cout << "Zero" << std::endl;
} else {
    std::cout << "Negative number" << std::endl;
}

6. Loops

For Loop:

// Example:
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
    std::cout << i << std::endl;
}

While Loop:

// Example:
int count = 0;
while (count < 5) {
    std::cout << count << std::endl;
    count++;
}

7. Functions

#include <iostream>

void greet(const std::string& name) {
    std::cout << "Hello, " << name << "!" << std::endl;
}

int main() {
    greet("Alice");
    return 0;
}

8. Classes and Objects

#include <iostream>

class Person {
public:
    std::string name;
    int age;

    void introduce() {
        std::cout << "Name: " << name << ", Age: " << age << std::endl;
    }
};

int main() {
    Person p;
    p.name = "Alice";
    p.age = 25;
    p.introduce();
    return 0;
}

9. Pointers and References

#include <iostream>

int main() {
    int num = 10;
    int* ptr = #
    std::cout << "Value: " << *ptr << ", Address: " << ptr << std::endl;

    int& ref = num;
    std::cout << "Reference Value: " << ref << std::endl;
    return 0;
}

10. File Handling

// Writing to a file:
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>

int main() {
    std::ofstream file("example.txt");
    if (file.is_open()) {
        file << "Hello, C++!" << std::endl;
        file.close();
    }
    return 0;
}

// Reading from a file:
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <string>

int main() {
    std::ifstream file("example.txt");
    std::string line;
    if (file.is_open()) {
        while (getline(file, line)) {
            std::cout << line << std::endl;
        }
        file.close();
    }
    return 0;
}

11. Standard Template Library (STL)

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>

int main() {
    std::vector<int> nums = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
    for (int num : nums) {
        std::cout << num << std::endl;
    }
    return 0;
}

12. C++ Standard Libraries

C++ builds on the C standard libraries and provides additional libraries for advanced functionality, such as:

• iostream: For input and output operations, such as cin and cout.
• string: For manipulating and managing strings.
• vector, map, set: For efficient data structures.
• algorithm: For common algorithms like sort, reverse, and unique.
• thread: For multithreading capabilities.